Abstract
Having to work in a sub-optimal capacity is a socio economic
problem which is apparently veiled, but it is equally detrimental
as having no work to do. This study intends to compare the
demographic factors of Pakistan which determine the
underemployment and two sub-components such as voluntary
underemployment and non-voluntary underemployment which
lacked focus in the past studies conducted in Pakistan. The
present study filled this gap by measuring the different
dimensions and the determinants of underemployment using the
micro data from Labor Force Survey (2010-11). The estimates
indicate that females, people living in rural areas and the
province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) have a higher tendency to
be voluntarily underemployed. Also, the heads of households are
less likely to be underemployed. Employees are less likely to be
voluntary underemployed. Out of underemployed persons, only a
small percentage of people have involuntary reasons for working
less than 35 hours otherwise a high percentage of employed
people have voluntary reasons. This shows the presence of
voluntary underemployment at a very large extent in Pakistan.
Warisha Kanwal, Hafiz Rizwan Ahmad, Hafiz Asim Hafeez, Ghulam Muhammad Qamri. (2020) Determinants of Voluntary and Involuntary Underemployment in Pakistan, Empirical Economic Review, Volume 3, Issue 1.
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