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The dilemma of determinism concerns the inevitability,
predictability and determination of human action and the challenge posed by
the uncertainty principle and the relativity theory. “Necessity is the idea that
everything that has ever happened and ever will happen is necessary and is
opposed to chance and contingency”: there is no chance in a necessary
world. Causal determinism, however, fails to take account of the question
raised by Peirce and James “whether man’s nature is at one with the
material, causal world, or whether a person can make decisions and choices
of his own volition”. The scientific findings of Einstein and Heisenberg as
well as the Chaos Theory seem to support the later thesis. There have,
indeed, been significant attempts to reconcile the ideas of “causation” and
“free will”. Hume, however, thinks that causation was not mere succession
of events. The conjunction points to a necessary connection as well as a
constant conjunction. His principle of causality says that nothing could arise
without a cause and conceived “causal necessity as a “projection” of the
functional change onto the objects involved in the causal connection”. The
paper concludes with the claim that though latter in his writings Hume tried
to make liberty and necessity compatible with one another, hard
determinism still rules out this possibility by claiming that human beings are
the part of nature and their actions should not be treated as exception from
rest of the nature. The whole nature is knitted in one causal chain of
necessity
Naheed Saeed. (2012) COMPATIBILITY OF FREE WILL AND CAUSAL NECESSITY , Al-Hikmat: A Journal of Philosophy, Volume 32, Issue 01.
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