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Pakistan with federation of four provincial administrative boundaries, it is
heterogeneous based on linguistic-ethnicity and class. Income shared by bottom 20%
is less than one tenth to top 20%. This situation is severe under ethnic—class
intersectionality. Researchers shed light on vertical inequality but, gave less
importance to group inequalities and their potential interaction. This study invested
effort to measure horizontal inequality in socio-economic wellbeing and tested
intersectionality between ethnicity and class by utilizing nationally representative
household level data of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey
(PSLM-2015). Two proxies used for measuring the income level: (a) total amount
received by all household members from all possible earning sources of the
household, (b) weighted asset index. Mean years of schooling is used for measuring
education level to test intersectionality with ethnicity. Empirical findings contain
detailed description of wellbeing based on ethnicity and social class, further, for
instance, ethnic inequality is measured using group Gini index. Contribution of socio- economic factors in horizontal inequality is estimated using two step, regression- based decomposition analysis. Group Gini estimates reveal that ethnic inequality in
asset index is higher than income estimates. Results using interaction terms show that
for every unit increase in schooling years, there are disproportionate gains in
economic status among ethnic groups. Contribution in economic inequality is shared
by ethnicity, employment status, education, housing amenities and demography.
Improvement required in level of education and housing amenities for Balochi, Sindhi,
and Siraiki, as these communities are found to have less productivity gains with
reference to other communities.
Faisal Munir, Sami Ullah. (2020) Measuring Horizontal Inequality in Income: An Intersectionality Perspective on Ethnicity and Education in Pakistan, Orient Research Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 5, Issue-2.
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