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Over the millenic the Indian Sub-continent., multiple invasions from Persia, Central Asia and Afghanistan, Alexander, the Kushanas and Mahmud of Ghazni, all traversed the Pukhtun border lands during their eras. Less often, these areas were under the influence and control of powers from North India and the Punjab. The Sikh Empire based in Lahore occupied the Peshawar Valley from 1823 to 1890. Sikhs were one of the rare groups who occupied frontier areas and Peshawar valley from the Southeastern side of India. There were important battles between the Sikhs and inhabitants of Peshawar valley and surrounding areas. One was the Battle of Nowshera, fought between Pukhtuns and the Sikh Army of Ranjit Singh in March 1823. Pukhtuns were led by their religious leader Sayed Akbar Shah, a descendant of Pir Baba. The Sikhs were commanded by generals Ventura, Allard and Phula Singh. The Pukhtuns lost five thousand fighters. These massive losses influenced their military history, In the following years, Pukhtuns would not face their enemy in open field collectively. The Sikhs also lost twenty-five hundred men and this changed their policy towards the Pukhtuns.
Muhammad Tariq, Altaf Qadir. (2020) Sikh-Pakhtun Clashes in the Frontier: Assessing the Battle of Pir Sabaq, Nowshera 1823, Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society Historicus, Volume-68, Issue-1.
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