تلخیص
A leader is a core element of making and implementing foreign policy in a state. The study of “Individual Level” in international relations proves that ideas, emotions, psychology of a leader leave a deep impact on foreign policy and internal policies of a state. This aspect and school of thought is quite applicable in Pakistan where individuals have made more policies than governments. These leaders took those decisions as per their cognitive map and left deep, long lasting and relatively negative impacts at social level in Pakistan. These affects needs to be met and resolved on emergency footings or else they will further destabilize Pakistan in future. Key words: Cognitive paradigm, psychoanalysis, war, Islamization, Musharraf’s secularism
Iram Khalid, Sulman Ali. (2015) Psychoanalysis of Leaders: Case Study of President Zia and President Musharraf Leadership in Conceptual Framework , Journal of Political Studies, Volume 22, Issue 2.
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