Abstract
Vegetables are a form of delivering pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas spp. This study
investigated the rate of vegetable contamination by bacteria with their bacteriological and molecular
characterization in Sulaimani Province. The colony forming unit was used to indicate the rate of
bacterial contamination per gram of vegetable. As a result, all studied vegetables were found to be
highly contaminated by bacteria at high rates, reaching 64,816 bacteria/gm. Among them, coriander
showed the highest rate of contamination (89,720 cfu/g), while the carrot had the lowest rate (43,260
cfu/g). The highest rate of bacterial contamination was in Qaladze region and Sulaimani city, while the
least contamination was observed in Chamchamal. In total, 54 Pseudomonas bacteria were isolated
and PCR amplification of 16SrRNA gene (670 bp) was used for the final confirmation. The resistance
rate of Pseudomonas bacteria was the highest against Amoxicillin, (%98.2) and amoxycilin/clavulanic,
(%96.4), while the Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime remained more affective against the bacteria. Out of
54 Pseudomonas isolates, four isolates (7.4%) were found to carry blaOXA resistance gene, and two
isolates (3.7 %) were positive to blaCMY. None of Pseudomonas isolates carried blaCTX, blaSHV or
blaTEM genes. It is concluded that all vegetable types in the study were contaminated by bacteria at
high rates, but the rates were different in the varying types of vegetables. All vegetable samples in all
geographical areas were contaminated by Pseudomonas bacteria containing isolates that carry blaOXA
and blaCMY genes, which are highly resistant to many antibiotics. Therefore, the vegetables in the
studied area are at a threatening level to the public health if not properly handled and treated.
Omer Ahmed Ghafour, Chawan Nawzad, Jutyar Kazm Khalaf, Niga Karim Bchkol, Ashna Latif Sharif, Shaida Rahim Watman, Taib Ahmed Hama Soor. (2021) The rate of contamination, occurrence, and molecular characterization of Pseudomonas isolates in vegetables collected from different regions of sulaimani province-Iraq, Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, Volume-09, Issue-2.
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