Abstract
Harvesting, spraying, and yield estimation are difficult activities for farmers. They take time, many workers, and moreover,
are not always accurate. Therefore, machines are required to ease and speed up harvesting, spraying, and yield estimation. In
this study, automatic recognition of visible grape berries and bunches from Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) images acquired by
a camera for harvesting, spraying machines, and yield estimation was investigated. The images of grapes of different sizes and
colors were taken under divergent natural light conditions and contrasts. The freely available Iceland dataset containing white
grapes and in addition, images of red white, and hybrid types of grape trees were picked and used in the study. Initially, the
Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) were extracted, individually and their combination were
used as feature vectors. Next, the features obtained were categorized with Convolution Neural Network (CNN), Artificial
Neural Network (ANN), and Support-Vector-Machine (SVM) separately. The samples of grape berry images in the Iceland
dataset were employed to train the ANN and SVM classifiers. Finally, the grape bunches were detected by incorporating
Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) clustering method. The artificial neural network
classifier with the combined features provided the best accuracy in single berry recognition. It is faster than SVM and CNN as
well. The average accuracy, precision, and recall were 99.6%, 99.7%, and 99.5% respectively. The accuracies of grape berry
and bunch detection from test images were obtained as 89.8% and 91.7% respectively. Results show that LPB+HOG as a
feature with ANN as a classifier provide an efficient grape detection from images taken under variant natural illumination
conditions.
Keywords: Image segmentation, vineyard images, precision agriculture, yield estimation.
Bashar Al-Saffar, Semih Tangolar. (2022) Automatic counting of grapes from vineyard images, Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 59, Issue 3.
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