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Once China seized control of Paracel & Spratly islands from Vietnam in 1970s and 80s, it exercised ‘restraint’
viz à viz its ‘calculative strategy’ in later decades and ratified UNCLOS and signed the ‘Declaration on the
Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (SCS) to prevent any change of feature of the Sea. In late 2000s,
China became relatively assertive in the SCS and declared it its ‘core interest’, thus began developing the
partially submerged reefs into artificial islands and militarizing them. This paper explores the factors
responsible for China’s assertiveness in this long-standing, multi-party dispute over the SCS employing broader
framework of realist lens. Data is mostly collected from primary and secondary sources whereas the data
analysis is based on qualitative content analysis with more focus of its theory testing approach manifest
analysis. China’s ambitions fit into the Hegemonic Transition Theory as it is vociferously challenging the US
hegemony in the SCS and aiming at consolidating its ‘regional hegemony’. The US has increased its Freedom of
Navigation Operations in the Sea, which is a natural hegemonic response. China has justified its actions in the
SCS based upon its historical claims on disputed islands and rejected the United States presence based upon its
non-resident status. Motivation behind China’s actions in the SCS is more security oriented rather than
economic, as China aims at consolidating its grip on the SCS routes from where most of the its energy imports
pass.
Muhammad Musab Saeed, Dr. Muhammad Usman Askari. (2021) China’s Growing Assertiveness in the South China Sea: A Realist Perspective, Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, Volume-58, Issue-2.
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